Catacombs of Domitilla

The Catacombs of Domitilla, located along the ancient Via Ardeatina in Rome, are among the largest and oldest in the city, extending for about 17 kilometers on four levels. These catacombs are an extraordinary example of the faith and funerary practices of the early Christians, offering a unique window into their life and spirituality. The complex is named after Flavia Domitilla, a member of the imperial Flavian family, who donated the land for the construction of the underground cemetery. The catacombs date back to the 2nd century and include an underground basilica, a unique feature among Roman catacombs, built in the late 4th century under the pontificate of Pope Damasus I. This basilica is dedicated to Saint Petronilla, buried next to the martyrs Nereus and Achilleus, whose veneration continued until the 9th century when the relics were transferred to the city. The catacombs are carved into tuff, a soft volcanic stone characteristic of the Roman subsoil. The passages and galleries often reuse existing water channels or quarries, creating an intricate complex of corridors and rooms. The loculi, simple rectangular niches carved into the walls, were the most common burials and often housed more than one body. Wealthier families had private cubicula, rooms of varying sizes often decorated with frescoes. One of the most fascinating elements of the Catacombs of Domitilla is the rich collection of frescoes. Among these, the cubiculum “dei Fornai” is particularly noteworthy for its depictions of biblical and allegorical scenes dating back to the 4th century. Recent restorations have revealed frescoes of both pagan and Christian inspiration, testifying to the transition period between Paganism and Christianity. A significant example is the painting of the Good Shepherd, a symbol of Christ the Savior, often depicted in opposition, a reference to Roman sculpture. The catacombs also contain numerous Christian symbols engraved on the walls of the loculi or on the marble slabs that close them, including the fish (ichthys), a Greek acronym for “Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior.” This symbol, along with others like the Good Shepherd and the Orans, provides a glimpse into the faith and religious practices of the early Christians. The frescoes and inscriptions testify to the hope in resurrection and eternal life, central themes of early Christianity. The underground Basilica, built towards the end of the 4th century, is a place of great historical and spiritual importance. It has recently been restored, revealing further details about the funerary practices and devotion of the Christians of the time. The basilica and surrounding chapels are still used today for Eucharistic celebrations and other religious functions, offering visitors a unique experience of connection with the past.