Basilica of San Francesco

The Basilica of San Francesco in Bologna is a fascinating example of French Gothic architecture in Italy, a symbol of the Franciscan presence and influence in the city. The construction of the basilica began in 1236, thanks to the granting of land by the city authorities, and was completed in 1263. The architectural design combines Romanesque elements with French Gothic, a fusion evident in the brick facade and the interior characterized by high pointed vaults and flying buttresses. San Francesco visited Bologna for the first time in 1222, arousing great enthusiasm and interest in his order. This visit marked the beginning of the foundation of the Franciscan convent in the city, initially located in the church of Santa Maria delle Pugliole. In 1236, Pope Gregory IX encouraged the construction of a new church dedicated to San Francesco, located in the area of the ancient Roman ruins of Bononia. The basilica was consecrated in 1251 by Pope Innocent IV, and the main structure was completed in 1263. The basilica underwent numerous changes and restorations over the centuries. During the 18th century, the convent became an important center for musical studies under the guidance of Fra’ Giambattista Martini, a renowned composer and teacher. However, the church was plundered and transformed into a barracks by French troops during the Napoleonic occupation in 1796. It was only restored to religious worship in 1842, before being used again as a military warehouse during the Italian Wars of Independence. In 1886, the church was definitively returned to the Franciscans and restored by Alfonso Rubbiani, who oversaw its return to its original appearance, albeit with significant reconstructions. The architecture of the Basilica of San Francesco is remarkable for its Gothic grandeur. The interior features a central nave and two side aisles, with a large transept and apse. The arrangement of pointed arches and flying buttresses recalls the structure of Notre-Dame de Paris, highlighting the French Gothic influence. The basilica also houses numerous funerary monuments, including the tombs of the jurists Accursio and his son Francesco, Odofredo and Rolandino dei Romanzi. One of the most interesting elements of the basilica is its square in front, Piazza San Francesco, which has always played a central role in the city’s life over the centuries. Archaeological excavations conducted in 1877 unearthed an ancient metal workshop dating back to the 8th century BC, a testament to the long history of this place. The square, recently renovated in 2017, continues to be a lively meeting point for young people and residents, hosting markets and social events. The interior of the basilica houses valuable artistic treasures, including the splendid marble altarpiece and the tomb of Pope Alexander V, who rests here. The altars of the side chapels are enriched with works by artists such as Giovanni di Balduccio and Jacopo della Quercia. Each chapel tells a story through frescoes and sculptures illustrating episodes from the life of San Francesco and other Franciscan saints. The basilica suffered severe damage during the bombings of World War II, with the destruction of parts of the facade, vaults, and cloister. However, subsequent restoration efforts have allowed the church to be restored to its former glory, preserving its historical and artistic importance.