Fortress of Saint John

The Fort Saint-Jean in Marseille is one of the most emblematic and evocative fortifications of the city, strategically located at the entrance of the Vieux-Port. Its history dates back to the Middle Ages and spans centuries of tumultuous events, reflecting the complex political and military dynamics of the region. The construction of the fort began in 1660 by order of King Louis XIV, as part of a series of fortifications intended to protect the French coasts from maritime raids. The project was entrusted to Louis Nicolas de Clerville, a military engineer known for his expertise in defensive architecture. The fort was built on a site already steeped in history, where a previous medieval castle, the Castrum Sancti Johannis, had served defensive functions since the 12th century. Fort Saint-Jean was built with sturdy materials and advanced techniques of the time, with thick walls and a configuration designed to withstand assaults by sea and land. Its elevated position and panoramic view of the harbor and the Mediterranean made it an ideal position for maritime control and defense. However, the fort was not just a military structure; buildings were also constructed within its walls to accommodate troops and perform administrative and logistical functions. During the French Revolution, Fort Saint-Jean became the scene of important historical events. In 1790, during the early tumultuous years of the Revolution, the fort was occupied by revolutionaries and used as a prison for aristocrats and counter-revolutionaries. This period marked a critical moment in the fort’s history, as it transitioned from a symbol of royal power to an instrument of the new Republic. Throughout the 19th century, Fort Saint-Jean underwent several transformations. Its military function was gradually reduced and the fort was used for civilian purposes, including the training of young soldiers and sailors. In the 20th century, the fort returned to the spotlight during World War II, when it was occupied by German troops. It suffered severe damage during Allied bombings in 1944, but was subsequently restored and preserved as a historical heritage. The importance of Fort Saint-Jean is not only historical, but also cultural and social. In recent decades, the fort has been integrated into the urban fabric of Marseille in a way that enhances its beauty and historical value. In 2013, with the opening of the MuCEM (Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilizations), Fort Saint-Jean was connected to the new museum via a pedestrian bridge that crosses the harbor, creating a unique cultural path that combines history and modernity. Architecturally, Fort Saint-Jean represents a remarkable example of 17th-century military architecture. Its massive walls and defensive structures reflect the advanced engineering techniques of the time, while the interior buildings offer a glimpse into military and daily life in past centuries. The presence of decorative elements, such as stone portals and cannon loopholes, adds a touch of elegance to an otherwise austere and functional structure. An interesting anecdote concerns the use of the fort during the French Revolution. Among the illustrious prisoners imprisoned there was the Marquis de Sade, a renowned writer and libertine, who spent several months in the cells of Fort Saint-Jean. This episode adds a touch of charm and mystery to the already rich history of the fort.