Rossio Square

The Praça do Rossio, officially known as Praça Dom Pedro IV, is one of the most important and lively squares in Lisbon. Located in the heart of the city, this square has played a central role in the social, political, and cultural history of the Portuguese capital for centuries. The history of Praça do Rossio dates back to the Middle Ages, when the area was used as an open space for markets and fairs. Its original name, “Rossio,” means “open space” or “common field.” During the 15th and 16th centuries, the square became a place for public executions and royal celebrations, reflecting its role as the center of public life in Lisbon. The square has witnessed numerous significant historical events. In 1640, during the revolt that led to Portugal’s independence from Spain, Praça do Rossio was the place where Portuguese troops gathered before attacking the Royal Palace. In the 18th century, the devastating earthquake of 1755 destroyed much of the city, including Praça do Rossio, which was later rebuilt according to the plans of the Marquis of Pombal. The reconstruction of the square marked the beginning of a new era for Lisbon, with more modern and earthquake-resistant architecture. The current design of Praça do Rossio is characterized by a wavy mosaic pavement, known as “calçada portuguesa,” created in the 19th century. This pattern, which simulates ocean waves, has become a distinctive symbol of the city and an example of Portuguese craftsmanship. At the center of the square stands a bronze statue of Dom Pedro IV, the first emperor of Brazil and king of Portugal, erected in 1870. The 27-meter-high statue depicts the monarch with a gesture of blessing, symbolizing his historical importance and the connection between Portugal and Brazil. Praça do Rossio is surrounded by historic buildings that contribute to its unique charm. The National Theatre D. Maria II, located on the north side of the square, is one of the most iconic buildings. Built in 1846 in neoclassical style, the theater is named after Queen Maria II and is an important cultural center in Lisbon, hosting numerous theatrical performances and concerts. Another notable building is Rossio Railway Station, located on the west side of the square. Built in the late 19th century, the station features a Manueline-style façade with two arched entrances reminiscent of Gothic cathedral arches. The station is an important transportation hub connecting Lisbon with surrounding cities, facilitating the movement of people and goods. The square is also a popular meeting place for citizens and tourists, thanks to the presence of numerous historic cafes. Café Nicola, founded in the 18th century, is one of the oldest and most renowned cafes in Lisbon. Frequented by intellectuals and artists, the cafe is known for its bohemian atmosphere and for being a meeting point for literary and political discussions. From a political perspective, Praça do Rossio has seen numerous demonstrations and protests. During the Carnation Revolution of 1974, the square was one of the key locations where citizens gathered to celebrate the fall of the dictatorship and the establishment of democracy. This historic event strengthened the square’s role as a space for political and social expression.