Statue of Pasquino

The statue of Pasquino, located in the square of the same name near Piazza Navona, is the most famous among the “talking statues” of Rome. Dating back to the 3rd century BC, the statue originally adorned the Stadium of Domitian. It was rediscovered in 1501 during the renovation works of Palazzo Braschi and saved by Cardinal Oliviero Carafa, who recognized its value despite its deteriorated condition. The statue, without arms and with a damaged face, probably represents a Greek hero like Menelaus, Ajax, or Hercules. The popularity of Pasquino is due to the “pasquinades,” anonymous satirical verses attached to the statue during the night to criticize public authorities. These messages, often very critical of the papacy and the nobility, were read with great interest by passersby the following morning. This phenomenon of public satire began in the 16th century and continued for centuries, representing a form of popular expression against oppressive power. The term “pasquinade” derives from the statue of Pasquino and indicates a satirical and biting comment. Popes tried several times to eliminate the statue because of the criticism it attracted. Pope Adrian VI wanted to throw it into the Tiber, but was dissuaded by the cardinals who feared the reaction of the Roman people. Pope Benedict XIII issued an edict that provided for the death penalty for anyone caught publishing pasquinades on the statue, but this was not enough to stop the practice. Pasquino became a symbol of freedom of expression and popular resistance against authority. Its historical and cultural importance is such that, even after the end of the temporal power of the popes, it continued to be used to express dissent. During the fascist period, for example, messages criticizing the huge costs of the events organized for Hitler’s visit to Rome were posted. In addition to Pasquino, Rome hosts other “talking statues” such as Marforio, Madama Lucrezia, the Babuino, the Facchino, and the Abate Luigi. These statues formed the so-called “Congrega degli arguti,” a group of monuments used to affix satirical messages. Marforio, for example, often engaged in fictional dialogue with Pasquino in pasquinades commenting on the political events of the time. Pasquino remains a reference point for satire and social criticism in Rome today. Its story shows how deeply rooted the tradition of freedom of speech is in Roman culture and how art and architecture can become tools of resistance and popular expression. The statue not only represents a piece of ancient history, but continues to live on as a symbol of criticism and freedom.